m -1. The tool can calculate the required bending force for bending aluminum, stainless steel, mild steel, and Weldox® or Strenx® high-strength steels. To calculate the bend allowance, the K factor and the derived coefficient called the Y factor, insert the thickness and initial length of the sheet into the cells on the left. The K-factor can also be used to calculate bending allowance and bending deduction. An average and commonly used value for the K-factor is 0. 7. For example, the UL Listing is based on the requirements of NFPA 13, and the FM Approval isYou can easily modify the Material Thickness, Inside Radius and K-Factor for each thickness at the top of each column. This is a decently conservative approach that will likely satisfy the majority of. 35 K = 0. 5–1°. T – material thickness in m. A premium formulation for a wide variety of applications over a wide temperature range. The K-factor in sheet metal bending represents the ratio between the thickness of the metal and an invisible line called the “neutral axis. To help you begin I’ve included a K-Factor Chart below which contains common K-Factor starting points, good for general fabrication, for steel, aluminum and stainless steel. 35. Relative roughness can be expressed as. 17 found in seemingly identical fasteners here results in a substantial clamp load variation. The main factor causing pitting corrosion is the breakdown of the passivity layer (i. a K Factor of 2. 1 mm) and 24 mass% Cr-content stainless steel (24CrSS, t = 0. The elongation is smaller by a factor of 10. 9 - 9. 1mm using an amada pressbrake. 0. . K factor synonyms, K factor pronunciation, K factor translation, English dictionary definition of K factor. 01 m) = 0. Includes additional data and reference information carefully selected and adapted. Hot Working. We multiply this factor by the material thickness to determine the distance the neutral axis shifted toward the inside radius during bending. The K factor. The bend allowance describes the length of the neutral axis between the bend lines, or in other words, the arc length of the bend. [10, 11]. The material thickness (T), bending angle (A), inner bending radius (R), and K-factor of the. Select an item in Type to set the bend allowance, bend deduction, or k-factor. F = μkN F = μ k N. 33 K factor 0. Also, it does not account for the temperature or viscosity of the water. Stainless steel components extend the life of the sprinkler by resisting corrosion from cleaning agents used in commercial food production environments. As a leader in price assessments, CRU releases monthly prices for chrome. K-Factor Three-Phase DOE 2016 Efficiency, Aluminum. 8 (242 metric*) nominal K-Factor and special deflector, this sprinkler produces large, high-momentum water droplets in a hemispheric pattern below the deflector. The TYCO Series TY-FRB, 5. The Hazen–Williams equation has the advantage that the coefficient C is not a function of the Reynolds number , but it has the disadvantage that it is only valid for water . 3T; Minimum size of Z-shaped bend: Z = W/2 + 2T + 1; The deduction coefficients for cold-rolled steel plate, aluminum-zinc coated plate, stainless steel plate, electrolytic plate, and aluminum plate are the same; Relative roughness - the ratio between absolute roughness an pipe or duct diameter - is important when calculating pressure loss in ducts or pipes with the Colebrook Equation . by：East King 2020-08-30. 20 Ecoguard K = 0. The allowable pressure in a 4 inch schedule 40 carbon steel pipe with outside diameter 4. Created a custom iProperty and push the k-factor from the current sheet-metal style through to it. For exact calculations - always check manufacturing data. 20: Zinc-Plated: 0. itic stainless steel that is molybdenum alloyed for enhanced corrosion resistance in chloride environments. Finish. Style: Upright. 50 by default. The K-factor is used to determine the length of the metal plate stretched during the bending process. The k-factor value signifies how far the neutral axis shifts during bending. 04. 4162 C2 (Low) Arid or low pollution (rural) 1. View Product. The heat transfer convection coefficient for air is 50 W/m 2 K . (125 Pa) for different sizes and lengths are shown in Table 402. 5; H32 aluminum is 3. Super strong with added corrosion resistance. Where: T = Target Input Torque (ft-lb) This is your input torque from your torque wrench determined by your specified torque. It is recommended for parts that cannot be annealed after welding in certain corrosive environments. 1 mm can be made in polypropylene PP, aluminum or stainless steel. These are 304 SS material. Increasing expansion occurs with silicon, tungsten, titanium, silver, iron, nickel, steel, gold, copper, tin, magnesium, aluminum, zinc, lead, potassium, sodium, and. Pipe Material e (mm) e (ft) Glass, drawn brass, copper (new) 0. The K-factor is the frequency divided by the flow rate => [1/s] / [g/s] = 1/g. 200 x 1. t. Table 2 - Mechanical properties of 301 grade stainless steel. The best single-volume reference on the metallurgy, selection, processing, performance, and evaluation of stainless steels, incorporating essential information culled from across the ASM Handbook series. The following table shows JIS SS400 material properties, including density and specific gravity, melting point, specific heat capacity, electrical resistivity, elastic modulus, thermal conductivity, linear expansion coefficient, Young’s modulus, magnetic permeability, etc. F1FR-SS Series Stainless Steel Sprinklers; F1FR-SS Series Stainless Steel Sprinklers. 62. Above all, it becomes essential to make sure that you’re shopping for it from an eligible fabricator. less steel types are designated by the American Iron and Steel Institute as standard compositions. This factor determines which of two high-temperature strength properties should be given priority; creep or creep-rupture (sometimes called stress-. k. The value of the K-factor is influenced by the material properties and. Portuguese / português. Abrasion, impact, & chemical resistant. 001. Our free online sheet metal bending calculator enables you to rapidly determine the crucial parameters in sheet metal bending calculations, such as the K-factor, Y-factor, bend allowance, bend deduction, arc length, and unfolding flat size. The bend allowance describes the length of the neutral axis between the bend lines, or in other words, the arc length of the bend. Completely rough: u*ε/ν > 70. Although, measurement variations by an order of 10-1 have been observed, the. Ferritic Stainless Steel (T430) 0. The nozzle is available in brass, stainless steel 316 and aluminium bronze construction. The bending tool has a radius of 30 mm which means that our Inside Bend Radius (R) is 30 mm. 13 - Stainless steel Martensitic, Quenched & Tempered: 1875: 272: 0. 33 in practical use and at my shop they use as small as 0. 6% max), copper (). 304 Stainless Steel. PENDENT APPROVALS/LISTINGS SIN V2801 V4201 V2708 V3406 Nominal K Factor Imperial 2. Finally, use the formula for thermal expansion:. Material Iron metal Steel Stainless steel kg 6. Comparative Pipe Roughness Values: Material: Manning's Coefficient n: Hazen-Williams C: Darcy-Weisbach Roughness Height k (mm) k (0. 3. The density of stainless steel 304 is 7. 6mm (24- gauge), weighing about 136 tonnes. 1 in (inch) = 25. ) who originally posited it as = where represents the applied true stress on the material, is the. Where. The maximum temperature increase relative to the environment inside the enclosure can be determined from the following equation: (Ti-Tu) = Qv / (k*A) Where:The results demonstrate that, generally, Nitinol K wires have a shorter life for the same applied stress than the stainless steel or titanium wires. The constant volume law. Here are the steps to be followed to calculate sheet metal flat length: Step-1: Enter Flange Length, Internal Radius, and thickness values. H = Differential Head (m). 16. 29CO 2 eq. Therefore it is important to have the value correct in CAD software. The properties of 304 stainless steel including chemical properties, physical characteristics, thermal properties and mechanical properties, etc. 166: S-M2-X: M2. You just have to insert the characteristics of the sheet metal to be bent. 4(32) for corrugated stainless steel tubing, and. The K-Factor is a property of the material being bent. By definition, “stainless” steel must contain at least 10. Related Documents Bimetallic Strips Heat and bending of bimetallic strips. The k-factor can be calculated from the bend allowance. System details. 5 max) serves as a control figure in sheet metal bending calculation. 1 11. Using the data as input in our bend allowance calculator, we obtain: T = K D F/12. 10/19 schedule 40 steel pipes. Specifically, the k-factor value is the neutral axis’ new position after bending, marked “t” in Figure 1, divided by the material thickness (k-factor = t/Mt). Learn more about carbide inserts Cutting-Edge Geometry Parameters. 1 ftH2O/100 ft = 0. Useful Tables 1033 Table A–16 Approximate Stress-Concentration Factor Kt for Bending of a Round Bar or Tube with a Transverse Round Hole Source: R. Bolting torque to develop 50% Bolt Yield Stress at Nut Factor, K=0. 012". E. The 316 family is a group of austenitic stainless steels with superior corrosion resistance to 304 stainless steels. 2, as per my machine design textbook (V. ,. See More Items from this Family (3)We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow us. The PVC pipe calculation are made with the Online Hazens-Williams Calculator with a roughness coefficient c = 145. Virgin steel 1kg = 3. Since the inside compression can not exceed the outside tension, the k-factor can never exceed . 4 Btu/ft·h·°F at 212 °F), yield. Mark the nut at the 6 o’clock position. As an example, a 0. A = bend angle in degrees (the angle through which the material is bent)In this section, all available elevated temperature material test results on stainless steel alloys are analysed in order to obtain accurate strength reduction factors (k 0. Pipe Size. 820 × 3. 95) Other K-factors can be provided as optional withoutThe strain hardening exponent (also called the strain hardening index), usually denoted , a constant often used in calculations relating to stress–strain behavior in work hardening. 0 mm), SUS445 (t = 0. 446. The proposed ASCE ASD Specification includes four types of austenitic stainless steels (Types 201, 301, 304, and 316) and three types of ferritic stainless steels (Types 409, 430, and 439). 44 psi/100ft = 9. Modeling up my first stainless steel parts, as I usually only use mild steel. 4. 30 mm / 0. 0 K-factor (K115) varieties and three temperature ratings, including 280 F (137. 6 times value for smooth bend. 2 W/m·K at 100 °C (9. Rake Angle: 9° -11°. The bend test is obtained around a diameter of the bend factor multiplied by the steel thickness. 5 for standard materials and thicknesses though smaller and larger K-Factors are possible. 17 8. 067 B a r. Traditionally, the wear of materials has been characterized by weight loss and wear rate. K = K-Factor, which is t / T. The k-factor value signifies how far the neutral axis shifts during bending. Copper and brass: 0–0. 4408, DIN X5CrNiMo17122, TGL 39672 X5CrNiMo1911, TGL 7143X5CrNiMo1811, ISO 2604-1 F62, ISO 2604-2 TS60, ISO 2604-2 TS61, ISO 2604-4. 33 K factor 0. S. 2, θ = σ 0. Zheng, C. 032 0. The K-factor and the Y-factor assess the sheet metal's response to bending and the degree to which it can be bent. AISI 304 Stainless Steel (UNS S30400) AISI 304 stainless steel (UNS S30400) is the most commonly used material in stainless steels, and is usually purchased in an annealed or cold worked state. Thread: 15mm (1/2") NPT, (BSPT optional) K-factor: 115 (8. Bend Allowance (BA) = (Π/180) × ( R + K×T) × A. 0 K Factor) Technical Data Sheet. Care was taken to include as much information as possible about stainless steel flat products used throughout Europe, for the informatio n of the user: • Chemical and physical properties are in accordance with EN 10088-1:2005 • Mechanical properties are in accordanc e with EN 10088-2:2005, except for heThe thickness of sheet metal is also an important factor, and it can range from extremely thin to several centimeters. We at thyssenkrupp Materials (UK) supply 430 in a variety of forms off the shelf for next day delivery or, available as bespoke sizes on a call off basis. 50 in practical use. 00 Conversion Gas GWP GWP N2O kg 0%298. 0 : 0. 141). K)/W] in SI units or [ (ft 2 ·°F·hr)/Btu] in imperial units. 2 bar (60 psi) maximum PRESSURE END CONNECTION 1/2" BSPT (1/2” NPT Optional) K-FACTOR K-42 Standard (K-2. Note that the pipe is cooled, so the temperature difference has a negative sign: T₂ − T₁ = -85 °C = -85 K. I have tried it today and it doesn't seem to give exactly the result I was expecting. 0. For example, for a different steel (other than 533 B) such as A 517 the endurance stress range Δσ. In most cases for built-up metal cladding, ∆U’’ = 0. The table at. With this equation, if you know K, F and D, you can multiply them to get the torque needed to tighten the bolt so that it has the right amount of tension. Hazard. Choose the check mark to use a gauge table. If you were to re-use PTFE coated studs, the corrosion-resistant coating on the threads will most likely. 146, 235. At exactly the same torque level of 24 foot pounds, variations between 4500 pounds and 6700 pounds are experienced. $ 29. It is used in applications with an operating range of -65° to +2,400°F (-54°C to. 1 8. Note: Don’t confuse K-Factor with low coefficient of friction, which is not used for this calculation. It determines how much the material will stretch when it is bent. Ideal to use in areas with high exposer to. 2 P a = 6732 P a = 0. This formula considers the diverse geometries and properties of the parts to be formed. 18: Cadmium-Plated: 0. 2. 76 · 10 4 so that CR is in [mm/y], m loss is the mass loss [g] of the metal (m 0 − m f) in time t [hours], A is the surface area of the material exposed [cm 2], and ρ is the density of the material [g/cm 3] (ASTM, 2012; Kreysa & Schütze, Reference Kreysa and Schütze 2007; Kutz, Reference Kutz 2005). Carbon steel and alloy steel are unsatisfactory (become brittle) at temperatures below -65 °F. Notes：. Henkel’s food grade anti-seize lubricants feature temperature. A spring bacK-Factor of Ks=1 means there is. Bulletin 038. 15 and the coefficient of kinetic friction is around 0. 33 K factor 0. Linear thermal expansion for some common metals: Metals - Temperature Expansion Coefficients. Conductive Heat Transfer through a Stainless Steel Pot Wall with thickness 2 mm - temperature difference 80 o C. material and thickness. Choose the check mark to use a gauge table. 316L is a standard material for numerous applications in process, energy, paper, transportation and. 6,and 8. To calculate K-factor: Enter the material thickness, T = 1 mm T = 1 ext{ mm} T = 1 mm. (7-8 mm) thick material Austenitic Material (T304) 0. Knowing the k-factor formula is essential in order to bend any kind of sheet metal correctly; in fact, it varies according to the type of material to be deformed. 2 and 0. breaking torque; A1-50 A2-70 A4-80 A1-50 A2-70 A4-80 A1-50 A1-70R-value. The only study available in the literature for the SCFs of SST joints is by Feng and Young [9], who examined the SCFs of stainless steel SHS and rectangular hollow section (RHS) tubular X-joints. There are other values for stainless and aluminum, but in most cases, 0. . View Specs. 15 K = 0. There is a direct relationship between sheet metal bend allowance and the K-factor. Choose the appropriate sheet metal gauge table. Land Angle: Positive. Keep in mind that there will be a reduction rating when sensing stainless steel. Dry Torque) Partially Lubricated Bolts; Properly Lubricated Bolts; But before we talk about these items, or get to our torque chart, it is imperative you understand the working definition of K-Factor (or “Nut Factor”). Thermal Conductivity - k - is the quantity of heat transmitted due to an unit temperature gradient, in unit time under steady conditions in a direction normal to a surface of the unit area. 446 inch. 448 for each. May be mildly magnetic. CTE 15. Silver Fern Stainless is a Victoria-based business specializing in the highest quality stainless steel and aluminum. f = Coefficient of friction factor or Coefficient of friction factor. 0) Bulb: 3mm quick response / RTI < 50. 15CO 2 eq. Let's calculate the K-factor for a metal sheet having a thickness of 1 \text { mm} 1 mm and bent to an angle of 90^\circ 90∘. Temperature Range. The K factor is defined as the ratio of the thickness of a material to the length from the neutrality bend line to the inner bend radius. /°F or mm/mm/°C. Stainless steel (SS), nickel foil (Ni), titanium foil (Ti) and graphite plate (GP). It comes with option of several k-factors and spray angles and. . 304 Stainless Steel 7/16” 74. [/su_accordion] The Darcy friction factor is a dimensionless quantity used in the Darcy–Weisbach equation, for the description of frictional losses in pipe or duct as well as for open-channel flow. Grade 5 Titanium. [1] It is a measure of the rate of heat transfer inside a material. The linear thermal expansion coefficient is the ratio c hange in length per degree temperature to length. For example, 9T10A1004 changes to 9T10S1004. When selecting a stainless steel for any corrosive environment, it is always best to consult with a corrosion engineer and, if possible, conduct tests in the environment involved under actual operating conditions. The higher the K factor, the more the support conditions hurt the member’s resistance to buckling, and vice versa. Hust, J. 3. R. 10 ±10% (Actual Value Printed on Each Package) Gage Factor Tolerance Per Package 1. T = material thickness. It occurs in the formula known as Hollomon's equation (after John Herbert Hollomon Jr. K-Factor - A constant determined by dividing the thickness of the sheet by the location of the neutral axis, which is the part of sheet metal that does not change length. Steel pipe with other pipe wall thick-nesses are permitted to be used when the pipe is specially listed. K1 proximity sensors provide consistent sensing ranges for many metal target materials — and good value when evaluating cost versus sensing distance. 6) Technical Data Sheet. I. It is difficult to perform cold working in grade 330 stainless steel as the steel has high strength and work hardening rate. The best single-volume reference on the metallurgy, selection, processing, performance, and evaluation of stainless steels, incorporating essential information culled from across the ASM Handbook series. The friction loss in feet of head per 100 feet of Steel pipes Schedule 40, Copper pipes Type L and thermoplastic PVC pipes Schedule 40 are compared below. The nut factor, K, sums up the combined effects of many variables affecting. Stainless Steel 316 . 432, R=plate thickness, unfold size can accurate to 0. The K factor is directly related to how much material is stretched during the bend. 0 k-factor 3/4 inch npt sprinklersFirst, we choose the option to use a gauge table. As a result, carbon steel, which contains little chromium, is harder, but. K Factor. From our testing, the K-factor without lubrication is all over the board. 3 applications in excess of the 500psi (34. Thermal Resistivity and Conductivity The ability of a material to resist flow of heat. Friction loss and velocity diagrams - in imperial (psi/100 ft, ft/s) and SI (Pa/100m, m/s) units. ) by Elias A. The bolt plating material is usually the limiting factor on maximum service temperature. Most of our threaded connections use thread inserts of some kind, mostly helicoil, or PEM. 20-0. 3-0. From and is defaulted at . So best would be to ask the shop floor people on what they prefer for K factor w. It has been proven. 2. Stainless steel sprinkler joins Viking’s wide selection of corrosion resistant sprinkler options including “Electroless Nickel PTFE” (ENT) plated sprinklers, which are available throughout a significant portion of the Viking sprinkler product line. 15 K = 0. h l = Head Loss (m/100 m). 01. The reason being that it takes the wear rate, the applied load, and the hardness of the wear pin into account. 0. The range of Machinability is vast and spans from about 40% for difficult to machine steels, such as bearing steel ( SAE 52100 / DIN 100Cr6) up to Ledloy free-cutting steel (SAE 12L14 / DIN 9SMnPb36) that has a machinability rate of about 170%. The K-factor can also be used to calculate bending allowance and bending deduction. The K-factor is the ratio of the neutral axis position to the total material thickness. You can easily modify the Material Thickness, Inside Radius, and K-Factor for each thickness at the top of each column. ξ = minor loss coefficient Δ p minor_loss = minor pressure loss (Pa (N/m 2 ), psf (lb/ft 2 ) ) . g. Minimum spacing is for lateral distance between sprinklers located along a single wall. Stainless steel's resistance to corrosion results from the chromium,. WARNING: Cancer and Reproductive. 0 (11. 1 For K-Factor when pressure is measured in bar, multiply S. G. With the K-factor, the BA is equal to the following: BA = { [ (π ÷ 180) x Ir] + [ (π ÷ 180) x K-factor] x Mt} And the metal sheet has a thickness T = 5 mm T = 5\ \text{mm} T = 5 mm and K-factor K = 0. Configure the press or other folding tool with your desired tooling and make a 90 degree fold on the bend line. Subcategory: Ferrous Metal; Metal; Stainless Steel; T 300 Series Stainless Steel Key Words: UNS S31600, SS316, 316SS, AISI 316, DIN 1. Below is a discussion of several 316 stainless steel characteristics:Find the linear expansion coefficient for steel: 12. T = 1 \text { mm} T = 1 mm. You can easily modify the Material Thickness, Inside Radius and K-Factor for each thickness at the top of each column. 04 0. However, this steel can be cold. The k-factor is just a multiplier that provides a precise estimate of the new position of the neutral axis. static, impending slip. 1 ~ 1. Type 302 stainless steel is basically a higher carbon version of type 304, a variant of 18-8 stainless steel. 0mm. Stainless Steel 330 (X12NiCrSi36-16):Cutting conditions, Recommended Carbide Grades, Equivalent Material Standards, and Chemical Composition. 5×10 –6 /°F). 14 0. 3572×10-3 m3. R. Very often what people use is some general data that may or may not be close enough. R = inside bend radius. 882 kcal/h m 2 o C - Unit Converter; Note that these coefficients are very rough. Manufacturer: Viking. 8 billion tons produced per year. 8 Square Head; Low Head Socket Cap Screws. 6 K-factor, Upright (TY315) and Pendent (TY325) Sprinklers are intended for fire protec-tion systems designed in accordance with the standard installation rules recognized by the applicable Listing or Approval agency. N = normal force between the surfaces (N, lb) There are at least two types of friction forcesUses. It enters a region where da/dN is linearly dependent upon log ΔK. The above Table is applicable only for ASTM A320 Grade B8, Class 2 and A193 Grade B8, Class 2 Stud Bolts. You use a gauge table and bend table in one table. Requirement is based on minimum flow in GPM from each sprinkler. 88 x Fn for music wire. From the diagram above, with the relative rougness and the Reynolds number - the friction factor can be estimated to aprox. Bending aluminium is even more complex, since aluminium is less ductile than steel. Material: stainless steel SS316 or SMO (6Mo) While our standard sprinklers are manufactured from brass, we offer several special finshes and materials for maximum corrosion resistance a. F1FR-SS Series Stainless Steel Sprinklers. Resistors and resistor wire, used for zero. Let’s start with 90 degrees bend which is the most simple. Bending Allowance = A*π/180* (R+K*T) BA – Bend Allowance. They consist about 4-30% of chromium. ASME. 03 : Corrugated metal : 45 : 0. This is defined as the length of the neutral fibre from the beginning to the end of the arc generated by the bend. (matched to stainless steel, carbon steel, and aluminum), alloy materials, and solder configurations. AISI 301 Stainless Steel (UNS S30100) AISI 301 stainless steel (UNS S30100) is the most susceptible to cold deformation strengthening among conventional austenitic stainless steels. 8 meter per square second) D = Diameter of. 027652 (0. The heat transfer coefficient is the proportionality coefficient between the heat flux and the thermodynamic driving force for the flow of heat (i. This table contains typical values of absolute roughness for common construction materials. 4162 C3 (Medium) Coastal areas with low deposits of saltLinear thermal expansion coefficients of metals including aluminum, steel, bronze, iron, brass, copper, gold, silver, invar, magnesium, nickel, titanium and zinc are given in the following thermal expansion coefficients chart. Seat: Copper UNS-C11000 and Stainless Steel UNS-S30400 Belleville Spring Sealing Assembly: Nickel Alloy, coated on both sides with PTFE Tape Compression Screw: Stainless Steel. The term “schedule” refers to the minimum wall thickness of the steel pipe. Y factor considers the internal stress. However, continuous use at 425-860°C is not recommended if corrosion resistance in water is required. Part Number: 13500. Additional Information: NOTICE: The product details indicated below are for general reference only and may vary based on the specific product approval and/or application. 33 K factor 0. 0. Land Width: 0. HD MV Nozzle is UL Listed, FM Approved, and also carries Lloyds Type Approval. For 18- and 20-ga. The reason being that it takes the wear rate, the applied load, and the hardness of the wear pin into account. steel research international is a metallurgy journal for the research and development of steel and related materials. Its work hardening rate is extremely high, with each increase in the amount of cold work, the tensile strength and yield strength will increase significantly. 0. Copper, Ductile Iron, Carbon Steel, Stainless Steel and Aluminum Piping Materials - Temperature Expansion Thermal expansion of typical piping materials. 5 to 16. Derating factor at 482°F (250°C) is 0. Horizontal Sidewall. h: heat transfer coefficient, W/ (m 2 K)Emissivity is a measure of the efficiency in which a surface emits thermal energy. 062 in. 9 mm), SUS430 (t = 1. It is mainly used for its excellent corrosion and temperature resistance and is especially valued for applications in the marine and chemical processing industries. 5-inch w. Our Passivation and Pickling services include the following main processes: Stainless steel pickling, stainless steel passivation, and carbon steel pickling. So what is the perfect K Factor for the Mild Steel and Stainless Steel? The “K” factor variation ranging from 0. 33: K factor:. 70 *10-6/K. The S-N curve indicates the sum of the load changes that can be endured until a material is fractured. Standard Metric; S-256-X: 2-56. 11 to 0. The K-Factor is used to calculate both the position of the Neutral Axis and the amount of material that must be removed in order to achieve the desired flat pattern.